background may be studied either in George Adam Smith's
_Historical Geography of the Holy Land_ or in Kent's _Biblical Geography
and History_.

Additional Books of Reference: Introductions and Commentaries. In
addition to the standard Old Testament introductions by McFadyen, Cornill,
and Driver, the collection of monographs in Professor Torrey's _Ezra
Studies_ will be found especially valuable. The introduction, as well as
the critical notes, in the brief yet scholarly volumes of the _New Century
Bible_ are exceedingly useful for the general reader. More fundamental are
the volumes in the _International Critical Commentary._ The introductions
to the different books in Hastings' _Dictionary of the Bible_ and the
_Encyclopedia Biblica_ are clear, concise, and written from the modern
point of view.

Jewish and Contemporary History. The thorough student of this period
will find a wealth of suggestive material in Smith's _Old Testament
History_ and in Schuerer's monumental work, _A History of the Jewish People
in the Time of Jesus Christ_. The later development of Israel's religion
is presented in Marti's _Religion of the Old Testament_, in the first part
of Toy's _Judaism and Christianity_, in Bousset's _Judaism_, and in
Charles's _Eschatology, Hebrew, Jewish and Christian_. An excellent survey
of the contemporary history of the period is to be found in the _History
of the Ancient World_ by Goodspeed or in Meyer's _Ancient History._ A more
detailed treatment of the contemporary history will be found in the
_History of Greece_ by Curtius or by Holm. The _History of Rome_ is fully
traced in the monumental works of Mommsen or Gibbon or the more recent
study in _The Greatness and Decline of Rome_ by Ferrero. Briefer but
equally reliable histories of Rome are those by Botsford, Horton, and
Seignobos.

II

GENERAL QUESTIONS AND SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH

The General Questions, as in the preceding volumes, follow the main
divisions of the book, and are intended to guide the student in
collecting and co-ordinating the more important facts presented in the
biblical text or in the notes.

The Subjects for Special Research are intended to guide the reader to
further study in related lines, and, by means of detailed references, to
introduce him to the most helpful passages in the best English books of
reference. In class-room work many of these topics may be profitably
assigned for personal research and report. The refe