and 1,010,000 km gravel,
crushed stone, or earth
Inland waterways:
16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels
Pipelines:
crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; natural gas 902 km (1989)
Ports:
Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, New Mangalore, Port Blair (Andaman
Islands)
Merchant marine:
299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,991,278 GRT/9,935,463 DWT; includes
1 short-sea passenger, 7 passenger-cargo, 91 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8
container, 54 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 8 combination ore/oil, 111
bulk, 2 combination bulk, 6 liquefied gas
Civil air:
93 major transport aircraft
Airports:
341 total, 288 usable; 203 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m; 59 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 87 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
poor domestic telephone service, international radio communications
adequate; 4,700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 96 AM, 4 FM, 274 TV
(government controlled); domestic satellite system for communications and
TV; 3 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; submarine cables to Malaysia and
United Arab Emirates

:India Defense Forces

Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Security or Paramilitary Forces, Border Security
Force, Coast Guard, Assam Rifles
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 237,803,153; 140,140,736 fit for military service; about
9,474,290 reach military age (17) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP (FY91)

:Indian Ocean Geography

Total area:
73,600,000 km2
Land area:
73,600,000 km2; Arabian Sea, Bass Strait, Bay of Bengal, Java Sea, Persian
Gulf, Red Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water
bodies
Comparative area:
slightly less than eight times the size of the US; third-largest ocean
(after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Arctic
Ocean)
Coastline:
66,526 km
Disputes:
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Climate:
northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October);
tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the north
Indian Ocean and January/February in the south Indian Ocean
Terrain:
surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of
currents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in
the