119
4 Migration of Chinese 120
5 Victory of the Huns. The Hun Han dynasty (later renamed
the Earlier Chao dynasty) 121

(C) _The alien empires in North China, down to the Toba_
(A.D. 317-385)

1 The Later Chao dynasty in eastern North China (Hun; 329-352) 123
2 Earlier Yen dynasty in the north-east (proto-Mongol;
352-370), and the Earlier Ch'in dynasty in all north
China (Tibetan; 351-394) 126
3 The fragmentation of north China 128
4 Sociological analysis of the two great alien empires 131
5 Sociological analysis of the petty States 132
6 Spread of Buddhism 133

(D) _The Toba empire in North China_ (A.D. 385-550)

1 The rise of the Toba State 136
2 The Hun kingdom of the Hsia (407-431) 139
3 Rise of the Toba to a great power 139
4 Economic and social conditions 142
5 Victory and retreat of Buddhism 145

(E) _Succession States of the Toba_ (A.D. 550-580):
_Northern Ch'i dynasty, Northern Chou dynasty_

1 Reasons for the splitting of the Toba empire 148
2 Appearance of the (Goek) Turks 149
3 The Northern Ch'i dynasty; the Northern Chou dynasty 150

(F) _The southern empires_

1 Economic and social situation in the south 152
2 Struggles between cliques under the Eastern Chin
dynasty (A.D. 317-419) 155
3 The Liu-Sung dynasty (A.D. 420-478) and the Southern
Ch'i dynasty (A.D. 479-501) 159
4 The Liang dynasty (A.D. 502-556) 161
5 The Ch'en dynasty (A.D. 557-588) and its ending by the
Sui 162
6 Cultural achievements of the south 163

Chapter VIII: THE EMPIRES OF THE SUI AND
THE T'ANG

(A) _The Sui dynasty_ (A.D. 580-618)

1 Internal situation in the newly unified empire 166
2 Relations with Turks and with Korea 169
3 Reasons for collapse