doms."

[Footnote 13: The orations against Antony--there are fourteen of
them--are called "Philippics," a name transferred to them from, the
great speeches in which Demosthenes attacked Philip of Macedon. The name
seems to have been in common use in Juvenal's time (_circa_ 110 A.D.)]

The speech was never delivered but circulated in writing. Toward the end
of 44, Antony, who found the army deserting him for the young Octavius,
left Rome, and hastened into northern Italy, to attack Decimus Brutus.
Brutus was not strong enough to venture on a battle with him, and shut
himself up in Mutina. Cicero continued to take the leading part in
affairs at Rome, delivering the third and fourth Philippics in December,
44, and the ten others during the five months of the following year. The
fourteenth was spoken in the Senate, when the fortunes of the falling
republic seem to have revived. A great battle had been fought at Mutina,
in which Antony had been completely defeated; and Cicero proposed
thanks to the commanders and troops, and honors to those who had fallen.

The joy with which these tidings had been received was but very brief.
Of the three generals named in the vote of thanks the two who had been
loyal to the republic were dead; the third, the young Octavius, had
found the opportunity for which he had been waiting of betraying it. The
soldiers were ready to do his bidding, and he resolved to seize by their
help the inheritance of power which his uncle had left him. Antony had
fled across the Alps, and had been received by Lepidus, who was in
command of a large army in that province, Lepidus resolved to play the
part which Crassus had played sixteen years before. He brought about a
reconciliation between Octavius and Antony, as Crassus had reconciled
Pompey and Caesar, and was himself admitted as a third into their
alliance. Thus was formed the Second Triumvirate.

The three chiefs who had agreed to divide the Roman world between them
met on a little island near Bononia (the modern Bonogna) and discussed
their plans. Three days were given to their consultations, the chief
subject being the catalogue of enemies, public and private, who were to
be destroyed. Each had a list of his own; and on Antony's the first name
was Cicero. Lepidus assented, as he was ready to assent to all the
demands of his more resolute colleagues; but the young Octavius is said
to have long resisted, and to have given way only on the last day. A
list