tterly of this are cowards?

(35) "Who have the {episteme}."

So I judge them to be (he answered). (36)

(36) N.B.--For this definition of courage see Plat. "Laches," 195 A
and passim; K. Joel, op. cit. p. 325 foll.

A kingdom and a tyranny (37) were, he opined, both of them forms of
government, but forms which differed from one another, in his belief; a
kingdom was a government over willing men in accordance with civil law,
whereas a tyranny implied the government over unwilling subjects not
according to law, but so as to suit the whims and wishes of the ruler.

(37) Or, "despotism."

There were, moreover, three forms of citizenship or polity; in the
case where the magistrates were appointed from those who discharged the
obligations prescribed by law, he held the polity to be an aristocracy
(or rule of the best); (38) where the title to office depended on
rateable property, it was a plutocracy (or rule of wealth); and lastly,
where all the citizens without distinction held the reins of office,
that was a democracy (or rule of the people).

(38) Or, "in which the due discharge of lawful (law-appointed)
obligations gave the title to magisterial office and government,
this form of polity he held to be an aristocracy (or rule of the
best)." See Newman, op. cit. i. 212, 235.

Let me explain his method of reply where the disputant had no clear
statement to make, but without attempt at proof chose to contend
that such or such a person named by himself was wiser, or more of a
statesman, or more courageous, and so forth, than some other person.
(39) Socrates had a way of bringing the whole discussion back to the
underlying proposition, (40) as thus:

(39) Or, "if any one encountered him in argument about any topic or
person without any clear statement, but a mere ipse dixit, devoid
of demonstration, that so and so," etc.

(40) Or, "question at bottom." Cf. Plat. "Laws," 949 B.

Soc. You state that so and so, whom you admire, is a better citizen that
this other whom I admire?

The Disputant. Yes; I repeat the assertion.

Soc. But would it not have been better to inquire first what is the work
or function of a good citizen?

The Disputant. Let us do so.

Soc. To begin, then, with the matter of expenditure: his superiority
will be shown by his increasing the resources and lightening the
expenditure of the state? (41)

(41) Or, "In the management of moneys, then, his strength will