convince us. He says that:--

"The domestic occupations which are the chief field of women's
activities obviously allow ample opportunity for the continuance of
alcoholic habits formed prior to marriage. This is a matter of much
importance. For the ordinary existence of the working man's wife,
with its succession of pregnancies and sucklings, and the
management of a brood of children in cramped surroundings, will of
itself be very likely to promote tippling; and if a knowledge of
the effect of alcohol as an industrial excitant has been acquired
by the factory girl, it is pretty sure of further development in
the married woman. Instances of this sort, in which the discomforts
of the first pregnancy stimulate the growth of a rudimentary habit
of industrial drinking to confirmed intemperance, are tolerably
common in any wide experience of the alcoholic."

The following paragraph must also be quoted for its clear indication of
a matter which is of prime importance, which no one denies, and yet of
which no statesman or politician has begun to take cognizance:--

"The employment of women in the ordinary industrial occupations not
only involves a disorganization of their domestic duties if they
are married, but it also interferes with the acquisition of
housewifely knowledge during girlhood. The result is that appalling
ignorance of everything connected with cookery, with cleanliness,
with the management of children, which make the average wife and
mother in the lower working class in this country one of the most
helpless and thriftless of beings, and which therefore impels the
workman, whose comfort depends on her, not only to spend his free
time in the public-house, but also tends to make him look to
alcohol as a necessary condiment with his tasteless and
indigestible diet. Both directly and indirectly, therefore, the
employments that withdraw women from domestic pursuits are likely
to increase alcoholism, and, it may be added, to increase its
greatest potency for evil, namely its influence on the health of
the stock."

Elsewhere I have endeavoured to deal with the general physiology of
alcohol and its relations to race-culture. Here our special concern has
been woman, and not woman as mother, but rather woman as individual. We
have had specially to refer, however, to expectant