site motives that can be named, lust
for gold and the thirst for knowledge and honour.

[_Authorities:_ Greely, _Handbook of Arctic Discoveries_, 1896.]

ANNALS OF DISCOVERY

B.C.
_cir._ 600. Marseilles founded.
570. Anaximander of Miletus invents maps and the gnomon.
501. Hecataeus of Miletus writes the first geography.
450. Himilco the Carthaginian said to have visited Britain.
446. Herodotus describes Egypt and Scythia.
_cir._ 450. Hanno the Carthaginian sails down the west coast of
Africa as far as Sierra Leone.
_cir._ 333. Pytheas visits Britain and the Low Countries.
332. Alexander conquers Persia and visits India.
330. Nearchus sails from the Indus to the Arabian Gulf.
_cir._ 300. Megasthenes describes the Punjab.
_cir._ 200. Eratosthenes founds scientific geography.
100. Marinus of Tyre, founder of mathematical geography.
60-54. Caesar conquers Gaul; visits Britain, Switzerland, and Germany.
20. Strabo describes the Roman Empire. First mention of Thule
and Ireland.
_bef._ 12. Agrippa compiles a _Mappa Mundi_, the foundation of
all succeeding ones.

A.D.
150. Ptolemy publishes his geography.
230. The Peutinger Table pictures the Roman roads.
400-14. Fa-hien travels through and describes Afghanistan and India.
499. Hoei-Sin said to have visited the kingdom of Fu-sang, 20,000
furlongs east of China (identified by some with California).
518-21. Hoei-Sing and Sung-Yun visit and describe the Pamirs and the
Punjab.
540. Cosmas Indicopleustes visits India, and combats the sphericity
of the globe.
629-46. Hiouen-Tshang travels through Turkestan, Afghanistan, India,
and the Pamirs.
671-95. I-tsing travels through and describes Java, Sumatra, and India.
776. The _Mappa Mundi_ of Beatus.
851-916. Sulaiman and Abu Zaid visit China.
861. Naddod discovers Iceland.
884. Ibn Khordadbeh describes the trade routes between Europe and
Asia.
_cir._ 890. Wulfstan and athere sail to the Baltic and the North Cape.
_cir._ 900. Gunbioern discovers Greenland.
912-30. The geographer Mas'udi describes the lands of Islam, from
Spain to Further India, in his "Meadows of Gold."
921. Ahmed Ibn Fozlan describes the Russians.
969. Ibn Haukal composes his book on