our to comprehend clearly and explain the functions of
the combination of forces called "brain," the physiologist is hindered
and troubled by the views of the nature of those cerebral forces which
the needs of dogmatic theology have imposed on mankind. How long
physiologists would have entertained the notion of a "life," or "vital
principle," as a distinct entity if freed from this baneful influence
may be questioned; but it can be truly affirmed that physiology has now
established and does accept the truth of that statement of Locke--"the
life, whether of a material or immaterial substance, is not the
substance itself, but an affection of it."

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

Cellular Pathology

Rudolf Virchow, the son of a small farmer and shopkeeper, was born
at Schivelbein, in Pomerania, on October 13, 1821. He graduated in
medicine at Berlin, and was appointed lecturer at the University,
but his political enthusiasm brought him into disfavour. In 1849 he
was removed to Wurzburg, where he was made professor of pathology,
but in 1856 he returned to Berlin as Professor and Director of the
Pathological Institute, and there acquired world-wide fame. His
celebrated work, "Cellular Pathology as based on Histology,"
published in 1856, marks a distinct epoch in the science. Virchow
established what Lord Lister describes as "the true and fertile
doctrine that every morbid structure consists of cells which have
been derived from pre-existing cells as a progeny." Virchow was not
only distinguished as a pathologist, he also gained considerable
fame as an archaeologist and anthropologist. During the wars of 1866
and 1870-71, he equipped and drilled hospital corps and ambulance
squads, and superintended hospital trains and the Berlin military
hospital. War over, he directed his attention to sanitation and the
sewage problems of Berlin. Virchow was a voluminous author on a
variety of subjects, perhaps his most well-known works being
"Famine Fever" and "Freedom of Science." He died on September 5,
1902.

_The Cell and the Tissues_

The chief point in the application of Histology to Pathology is to
obtain recognition of the fact that the cell is really the ultimate
morphological element in which there is any manifestation of life.

In certain respects animal cells differ from vegetable cells; but in
essentials they are the same; b