th a system of
sub-committees which exercised executive functions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--With this article compare ECCLESIA, STRATEGUS, ARCHON,
DRACO, SOLON, CLEISTHENES, where collateral information is given.
Besides the chief histories of Greece (Grote, ed. 1907, Meyer &c.),
see Gilbert, _Constitutional Antiquities_ (Eng. trans. by E.J. Brooks
and T. Nicklin, 1895); J.B. Bury, _History of Greece_ (1900); A.H.J.
Greenidge _Handbook of Greek Constitutional History_ (1896); J.E.
Sandys' edition of the _Constitution of Athens_; Boeckh, _Die
Staatshaushaltung der Athener_ (1886); Schumann, _Griechische
Altertumer_ (1897-1902); Busolt, _Die griechischen Staats- und
Rechtsaltertumer_ (1902). See also H. Swoboda, _Die griechischen
Volksbeschlusse_ (1890); Szanto, _Das griechische Burgerrecht_ (1892);
Perrot, _Essai sur le droit public d'Athenes_ (1869). It should be
observed that all works published before 1891 are so far useless that
they are without the information contained in the _Constitution of
Athens_ (q.v.). See also GREEK LAW. (J. M. M.)

FOOTNOTE:

[1] The institution of pay for the councillors may safely be ascribed
to Pericles although we have no direct evidence of it before 411 B.C.
(Thuc. viii. 69; see PERICLES).

BOULEVARD (a Fr. word, earlier _boulevart_, from Dutch or Ger.
_Bollwerk_, cf. Eng. "bulwark"), originally, in fortification, an
earthwork with a broad platform for artillery. It came into use owing to
the width of the gangways in medieval walls being insufficient for the
mounting of artillery thereon. The boulevard or bulwark was usually an
earthen outwork mounting artillery, and so placed in advance as to
prevent the guns of a besieger from battering the foot of the main
walls. It was as a rule circular. Semicircular _demi-boulevards_ were
often constructed round the bases of the old masonry towers with the
same object. In modern times the word is most frequently used to denote
a promenade laid out on the site of a former fortification, and, by
analogy, a broad avenue in a town planted with rows of trees.

BOULLE, ANDRE CHARLES (1642-1732), French cabinet-maker, who gave his
name to a fashion of inlaying known as Boulle or Buhl work. The son of
Jean Boulle, a member of a family of _ebenistes_ who had already
achieved distinction--Pierre Boulle, who died c. 1636, was for many
years _tourneur et menuisier du roy des cabinets d'ebene_,--he became