rehension of elements of the manifold in isolation, we come to
apprehend them as temporally related.

[14] The term 'permanent' is retained to conform to Kant's
language. Strictly speaking, only a state of that which
changes can be said to persist or to be permanent; for the
substratum of change is not susceptible of any temporal
predicates. Cf. p. 306.

[15] B. 291, M. 176.

[16] B. 230-1, M. 176.

[17] Cf. pp. 300-1.

The deduction of the second and third analogies argues that the
principles of causality and reciprocal action are involved
respectively in the processes by which we become aware of successions
and of coexistences in the world of nature. From this point of view it
would seem that the first analogy is a presupposition of the others,
and that the process which involves the first is presupposed by the
process which involves the others. It would seem that it is only upon
the conclusion of a process by which, beginning with the successive
apprehension of elements of the manifold in isolation, we come to
apprehend them as _either_ successive or coexistent elements in the
world of nature, that there can arise a process by which we come to
decide _whether_ the specific relation is that of succession or of
coexistence. For if the latter process can take place independently of
the former, i. e. if it can start from the successive apprehension of
the manifold, the former process will be unnecessary, and in that
case the vindication of the first analogy will be invalid. It is
necessary, however, to distinguish between Kant's nominal and his
actual procedure. Though he nominally regards the first analogy as the
presupposition of the others,[18] he really does not. For he does not
in fact treat the process which involves the validity of the first
analogy as an antecedent condition of the processes which involve the
validity of the others. On the contrary, the latter processes begin
_ab initio_ with the mere successive apprehension of the manifold,
i. e. they begin at a stage where we are not aware of any relation in
the physical world at all; and Kant, in his account of them, nowhere
urges that they involve the first analogy.[19]

[18] Cf. B. 229, M. 140; B. 232-3, M. 141-2; and Caird, i.
545 and ff.

[19] This is not disproved by B. 247-51, M. 150-2, which
involves a different conception of cause and effect.

Moreover, just because Kant does not face the diffi