held fast, it
beats its wings, and, fluttering, tightens the noose with its struggles;
so, as each one of these had stuck fast, fixed in the ground, in her
alarm, she attempted flight in vain; but the pliant root held her fast,
and confined her, springing forward[7] {to escape}. And while she is
looking where her toes are, where, {too}, are her feet and her nails,
she sees wood growing up upon her well-turned legs. Endeavouring, too,
to smite her thigh, with grieving right hand, she strikes solid oak; her
breast, too, becomes oak; her shoulders are oak. You would suppose that
her extended arms are real boughs, and you would not be deceived in {so}
supposing.

[Footnote 1: _Berecynthian pipe._--Ver. 16. This pipe, made of
box-wood, was much used in the rites of Cybele, or Berecynthia.]

[Footnote 2: _Doomed to die._--Ver. 26. The Romans were wont to
exhibit shows of hunting in the amphitheatre in the morning; and
at mid-day the gladiatorial spectacles commenced. The 'arena' was
the name given to the central open space, which derived its name
from the sand with which it was covered, chiefly for the purpose
of absorbing the blood of the wild beasts and of the combatants.
Caligula, Nero, and Carus showed their extravagant disposition by
using cinnabar and borax instead of sand. In the earlier
amphitheatres there were ditches, called 'Euripi,' between the
open space, or arena, and the seats, to defend the spectators from
the animals. They were introduced by Julius Caesar, but were filled
up by Nero, to gain space for the spectators. Those who fought
with the beasts (as it will be remembered St. Paul did at Ephesus)
were either condemned criminals or captives, or persons who did so
for pay, being trained for the purpose. Lucius Metellus was the
first that we read of who introduced wild beasts in the theatre
for the amusement of the public. He exhibited in the Circus one
hundred and forty-two elephants, which he brought from Sicily,
after his victory over the Carthaginians, and which are said to
have been slain, more because the Romans did not know what to do
with them, than for the amusement of the public. Lions and
panthers were first exhibited by M. Fulvius, after the AEtolian
war. In the Circensian games, exhibited by the Curule AEdiles,
P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, and P. Lentulus, B.C. 168, there were
sixty-three