3
Water furrowing 9
Thistling 1 6
Reaping and harvesting 7 0
Threshing, @ 2s. a quarter 7 0
----------
L2 19 6
==========

Fifth year, beans: L s. d.

Rent, &c. 1 8 0
Two ploughings 8 0
Seed, 2 bushels 8 0
Sowing 6
Twice hand-hoeing 12 0
Twice horse-hoeing 3 0
Reaping and harvesting 8 0
Threshing 5 0
----------
L3 12 6
==========

Sixth year, oats: L s. d.

Rent, &c. 1 8 0
Once ploughing 4 0
Two harrowings 8
Four bushels of seed 6 0
Sowing 3
Mowing and harvesting 3 0
Threshing, @ 1s. a quarter 6 0
----------
L2 7 11
==========

Good land at a high rent is always better than poor land at a low
rent; the average profit per acre on 5s. land was then about 8s. 8d.,
on 20s. land, 29s.

Grass was much more profitable than tillage, the profit on 20 acres of
arable in nine years amounted to L88, whereas on grass it was L212, or
9s. 9d. an acre per annum for the former and 23s. for the latter.[453]
Yet dairying, at all events, was then on the whole badly managed and
unprofitable. The average cow ate 2-1/2 acres of grass, and the rent
of this with labour and other expenses made the cost L5 a year per
cow, and its average produce was not worth more than L5 6s. 3d.[454]
This scanty profit was due to the fact that few farmers used roots,
cabbages, &c., for their cows, and to their wrong management of pigs,
kept on the surplus dairy food. By good management the nett return
could be made as much as L4 15s. 0d. per cow.

The management of sheep in the north of England was wretched. In
Northumberland the profit was reckoned at 1s. a head, partly derived
from cheese made from