Sacra, in honor of
the Emperor and his two sons for their conquest of the Parthians and
Arabians. 4. The ARCH OF GALLIENUS. 5. The ARCH OF CONSTANTINE.

There were two famous MAUSOLEA, that of Augustus, now in ruins, and that
of Hadrian, which, stripped of its ornaments, is now the Castle of San
Angelo.

The COLUMNS commemorating persons or events were numerous. The most
remarkable of these were erected for naval victories, and called
COLUMNAE ROSTRATAE. The one of Duilius, in honor of the victory at Mylae
(261 B. C.), still stands. It has three ship-beaks attached to each
side. Columns were built in honor of several Emperors. That of Trajan is
perhaps best known.

The COLUMNA MILLIARIA was a milestone set up by Augustus in the Forum,
from which all distances on the different public roads were measured. It
was called _Milliarium Aureum_, or the golden milestone.

CHAPTER XLVIII. COLONIES.--THE CALENDAR.--RELIGION.

Colonies were established by Rome throughout its whole history. They
were intended to keep in check a conquered people, and also to repress
hostile incursions. Many were founded to provide for veteran soldiers; a
practice which was begun by Sulla, and continued under the Emperors.

No colony was established without a _lex_, _plebiscitum_, or _senatus
consultum_. Religious ceremonies always accompanied their foundation,
and the anniversary was observed.

The colonies were divided into two classes, viz. Roman, and Latin
or military. Members of the former class had all the rights of Roman
citizens; those of the latter could not vote in the Comitia at Rome.
The _Latini_, who were once Roman citizens, and who always felt equal to
them, were uneasy in their subordinate position. But by the Julian law,
passed in 90 B. C., they acquired the right of voting at Rome, and were
placed on the same footing as Roman colonists.

THE CALENDAR.

The Roman year began with March. There were twelve months, and each
month had three divisions, the KALENDS, NONES, and IDES. The Kalends
fell on the first of the month; the Nones, on the 7th of March, May,
July, and October; in other months, on the 5th. The Ides came eight days
after the Nones. If an event happened on these divisions, it was said
to occur on the Kalends, Nones, or Ides of the month. If it happened
between any of these divisions, it was said to occur so many days
_before_ the division _following_ the event. The year was reckoned
from the foundation